You have been studying the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D in mammalian cells. To look at the localization of the enzyme, you incorporate 32 P into the cells over a long period of time and collect fractions of the cell lysate corresponding to various organelles. Much to your surprise, you find cathepsin D was isolated in the ER fraction, and it contains 32 positive sugar side chains. However, when you pass this enzyme through an affinity chromatography column containing mannose-6-phosphate receptor conjugated to resin, the enzyme passes straight through. However, your cousin calls you up and tell you that she modified your cell line. She claims that she deleted your endogenous cathepsin D gene and transfected a plasmid containing a cathepsin D gene with a Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL) sequence on the C-terminus.a) Why is the lysosomal enzyme found in the ER fraction rather than in the lysosomal fraction?b) Explain why the modified enzyme does not bind to the mannose-6-phosphate receptor.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

1.

Cathepsin is involved in programmed cell death, it is a lysosomal enzyme and the reason it is found in the ER fraction instead of the lysosomal fraction is because of its c terminal KDEL sequence. this sequence ia a retrieval for protein and causes a backward movement of protein back to endoplasmic reticulum. that is why cathepsin seems to have localised in ER instead of the lysosomal fraction

2 It does not bind to mannose-6-phosohate receptor because this glycosylation process does not occur in the E.R but in Golgi bodies.  because of the KDEL sequence this glycosylation of cathepsin would not occur and cathepsin would go through affinity column without any form of  binding to receptor.If cathepsin can get to the Golgi then glycolysation with Mannose6phospate can occur.


Related Questions

Why does ice float on water?
A.
The temperature of ice is lower than the temperature of water.
B.
The temperature of water and ice are the same.
C.
The density of Ice is less than the density of water.
The density of ice is greater than the density of water.
D.
Reset
Next

Answers

Answer:

The density of ice is less than the density of water

Explanation:

Which feature may interrupt the sides of a composite-cone volcano?

conduits


fumaroles


craters


calderas

Answers

Answer:Famaroles

Explanation:Fumaroles: they are gaseous emissions from lavas in craters at more or less elevated temperatures. Its composition varies according to the temperature of the lavas, in such a way that it changes since the fumaroles appear until their extinction.Fumaroles: they are gaseous emissions from lavas in craters at more or less elevated temperatures. Its composition varies according to the temperature of the lavas, in such a way that it changes since the fumaroles appear until their extinction.Water flows in the form of steam continuously through the cracks of a volcano or volcanic surface because its temperature exceeds 100 °C.Fumaroles: they are gaseous emissions from lavas in craters at more or less elevated temperatures. Its composition varies according to the temperature of the lavas, in such a way that it changes since the fumaroles appear until their extinction.Water flows in the form of steam continuously through the cracks of a volcano or volcanic surface because its temperature exceeds 100 °C.Groups of fumaroles- Dry fumaroles: They are those that come off the melting lava, in the vicinity of the crater. Its temperature is higher than 500oC. They are mainly composed of sodium, potassium and sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide.- Dry fumaroles: They are those that come off the melting lava, in the vicinity of the crater. Its temperature is higher than 500oC. They are mainly composed of sodium, potassium and sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide.- Acid fumaroles: with temperatures between 300oC and 400oC, they are constituted by a large amount of water vapor, with hydrochloric acid and sulphurous anhydride.- Dry fumaroles: They are those that come off the melting lava, in the vicinity of the crater. Its temperature is higher than 500oC. They are mainly composed of sodium, potassium and sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide.- Acid fumaroles: with temperatures between 300oC and 400oC, they are constituted by a large amount of water vapor, with hydrochloric acid and sulphurous anhydride.- Alkaline fumaroles: Temperature close to 100oC, contain water vapor with hydrogen sulfide and ammonium chloride.

The feature may interrupt the sides of a composite-cone volcano is fumaroles. Thus, option B is correct.

What is fumaroles?

They are gaseous emissions from lavas in craters at more or less elevated temperatures. Its composition varies according to the temperature of the lavas, in such a way that it changes since the fumaroles appear until their extinction.

Fumaroles are gaseous emissions from lavas in craters at more or less elevated temperatures. Its composition varies according to the temperature of the lavas, in such a way that it changes since the fumaroles appear until their extinction. Water flows in the form of steam continuously through the cracks of a volcano or volcanic surface because its temperature exceeds 100 °C.

Water flows in the form of steam continuously through the cracks of a volcano or volcanic surface because its temperature exceeds 100 °C. The lavas, in such a way that it changes since the fumaroles appear until their extinction.

Therefore, The feature may interrupt the sides of a composite-cone volcano is fumaroles. Thus, option B is correct.

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Researchers studying a small milkweed population note that some plants produce a toxin and other plants do not. They identify the gene responsible for toxin production. The dominant allele (T) codes for an enzyme that makes the toxin, and the recessive allele (t) codes for a nonfunctional enzyme that cannot produce the toxin. Heterozygotes produce an intermediate amount of toxin. The genotypes of all individuals in the population are determined and used to determine the actual allele frequencies in the population.

Required:
Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Calculate the T and t.

Answers

Complete question:

Researchers studying a small milkweed population note that some plants produce a toxin and other plants do not. They identify the gene responsible for toxin production. The dominant allele (T) codes for an enzyme that makes the toxin, and the recessive allele (t) codes for a nonfunctional enzyme that cannot produce the toxin. Heterozygotes produce an intermediate amount of toxin. The genotypes of all individuals in the population are determined (TT = 0.56; Tt = 0.28; tt = 0.16) and used to determine the actual allele frequencies in the population. Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Calculate the T and t.

Answer:

No, the population is not in H-W equilibrium

Explanation:

Due to technical problems, you will find the complete explanation in the attached file

Which is true about scientific theories?
A. Scientific theories can never be proven wrong
B. Scientific theories are always unreliable
C. Scientific research theories prevent new questions from being asked
D. Scientific theories can be rejected by new reliable evidence

Answers

the correct answer is D
The person on top of me is correct it’s D I took the test

A cross was made between two strains of plants that are agriculturally important. One strain was disease-resistant but herbicide-sensitive; the other strain was disease-sensitive but herbicide- resistant. A plant breeder crossed the two plants and then allowed the F1 generation to self- fertilize. The following data were obtained:
F1 generation: All offspring are disease-sensitive and herbicide-resistant
F2 generation: 157 disease-sensitive, herbicide-resistant
57 disease-sensitive, herbicide-sensitive
54 disease-resistant, herbicide-resistant
20 disease-resistant, herbicide-sensitive
Total: 288 Formulate a hypothesis that you think is consistent with the observed data. Test the goodness of fit between the data and your hypothesis using a chi square test. Explain what the chi square results mean.

Answers

Answer:

Hypothesis: Alleles assort independently from each other.There is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.

Explanation:

Due to technical problems, you will find the complete answer and explanation in the attached file.        

the phosphate groups are the polar part of the phospholipid because they are:

Answers

A single phospholipid molecule has a phosphate group on one end, called the “head,” and two side-by-side chains of fatty acids that make up the lipid “tails. ” The phosphate group is negatively charged, making the head polar and hydrophilic, or “water loving.” The phosphate heads are thus attracted to the water ...

There 4 types of connective in the body List the 4 types and then thoroughly explain why these tissues are grouped together as connective tissues What do they have in common?

Answers

Answer:

Connective tissues come in a vast variety of forms, yet they typically have in common three characteristic components: cells, large amounts of amorphous ground substance, and protein fibers.

Explanation:

Why is it NOT correct to say that individuals evolve?

Answers

Answer:

individuals grow and develop throughout their life, but evolution is something that happens to a species over generations. evolution takes a long time and is a species adaptation to its environment, such as arms getting longer or extra bones. babies are born with these adaptations throughout generations, it’s not something individuals develop during their lifetime.

hope this helps!

What Describes the layer directly beneath Earths plates

Answers

Answer:

The layer below the rigid lithosphere is a zone of asphalt-like consistancy called the Asthenosphere . The asthenosphere is the part of the mantle that flows and moves the plates of the Earth. The mantle is the layer located directly under the sima. ... The mantle is composed of very hot, dense rock.

Explanation:

Answer: This layer would be called the asthenosphere.

Which animals have webbed Feet? ​

Answers

Answer:

 Ducks, pelicans, crocodiles, platypuses, along with some frogs, dogs, and cats.

Answer:

Ducks, pelicans, crocodiles, platypuses, along with some frogs, dogs, and cats.

Explanation:


2.
Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?

Answers

Answer:

the star player

Look at the diagram. What type of cell is shown by number 4?

Answers

Answer:

we cannot see a diagram

Which is a cause of chemical weathering
A.gravity
B.acid
C.sunlight
D.wind

Answers

the answer is b bc yes

Answer:

B. Acid

Explanation:

Acid is the cause of chemical weathering because chemical weathering only occurs when water or whatever mixes with the water is slightly acidic, i.e. salt deposits on the ground mixing with run-off rain water and wearing away at the surrounding environment. Acid rain is also the perfect example of this.

A dihybrid cross experiment is carried out on pocket mice. The traits being observed are fur color and tail length. In the F2 generation, 54 mice are dark brown with long tails, 18 mice are dark brown with short tails, 18 mice are tan with long tails, and 6 mice are tan with short tails.

Which traits are dominant?

tan fur, long tail

tan fur, short tail

dark brown fur, short tail

dark brown fur, long tail​

Answers

The answer is Dark brown fur, long tail

Answer:

dark brown fur, long tail​

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle?
Question 19 options: The answer is "LONG" the rest are muscles.

Cardiac

Skeletal

Long

Smooth

Answers

Answer:

Long is not a muscle

Explanation:

the 3 types of muscles are cardia skeletal smooth, have a great day

The answer is "Long." "Long" is not a type of muscle; it seems to be an incorrect option. The correct options for types of muscle are Cardiac, Skeletal, and Smooth.

These are the three main types of muscles found in the human body. Cardiac muscles are found in the heart, skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton and enable voluntary movement, and smooth muscles are found in various organs and control involuntary movements.

Therefore, "Long" is not a recognized type of muscle and does not fit within the categories of cardiac, skeletal, or smooth muscles.

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how are unicellular and multicellular organisms different

Answers

Answer:

Unicellular organism are made up of only one cell that carries out all of the functions needed by the organism, while multicellular organism use many different cells to function.

Explanation:

When DNA replicates, the first step is
O proteins move along the DNA and "read" the code
DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the old strands
a proofreading enzyme checks to see if there are errors in the order of the nucleotides
the double helix is opened down the middle by an enzyme called helicase

Answers

answer; the double helix is opened down the middle by an enzyme called helicase

this is because the DNA needs to be opened first before any proteins start reading or coding.

If the offspring of the cross showed ccdominance, what would the eyes of the offsping look like?

Answer.. the offspring would have one circle eye and one star eye.

Answers

Answer:

That is what I would choose

Explanation:

When two different phenotypes of an organism are crossed, a third phenotype is created in which both of the parental traits are present. This is known as codominance.

What are the results of codominance cross?

The concept of codominance states that although both phenotypes are dominant, they cannot coexist. Codominance would result in patches rather than merging, with areas of prominent white expression and areas of dominant red expression.

The statements made about codominance are all accurate. The full expression of both alleles is present.

The distinct results of both alleles are present in the heterozygous phenotype. A multiple-allele characteristic has (less than / only / more than) two alleles in the corresponding gene.

Therefore, The offspring would have one circle eye and one-star eye.

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Which type of force is a contact force?

A. Gravity
B. Electromagnetic force
C. Friction
D. Strong nuclear force​

Answers

Friction is the answer

Answer:

Friction

A-P-E-X

compare the hygiene allergies and asthma?

Answers

Answer:

According to the “hygiene hypothesis,” the problem with extremely clean environments is that they fail to provide the necessary exposure to germs required to “educate” the immune system so it can learn to launch its defense responses to infectious organisms. Instead, its defense responses end up being so inadequate that they actually contribute to the development of asthma.

Explanation:

One of the many explanations for asthma being the most common chronic disease in the developed world is the “hygiene hypothesis.” This hypothesis suggests that the critical post-natal period of immune response is derailed by the extremely clean household environments often found in the developed world. In other words, the young child’s environment can be “too clean” to pose an effective challenge to a maturing immune system.

Which of the following are sources of low-level radiation?
A)
medical X-rays
B)
nuclear weapons testing
C)
buring of fossil fuels
D)
all of the above
E)
a and c only

Answers

Answer:

im pretty sure its E

Explanation:

The sources of low-level radiation are A) medical X-rays and E) the burning of fossil fuels, so the correct answer is E) a and c only, as radiation can be classified into two main types: ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.

What is radiation?

Medical X-rays are a type of ionizing radiation used for medical imaging. Although the amount of radiation exposure from a single X-ray is usually very small, frequent exposure to X-rays can increase the risk of cancer. The use of X-rays in medical imaging is carefully monitored to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, which can cause damage to living tissue and increase the risk of cancer. Medical X-rays and the burning of fossil fuels are sources of ionizing radiation that can produce low-level radiation.

Hence, the sources of low-level radiation are A) medical X-rays and E) the burning of fossil fuels, so the correct answer is E) a and c only.

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QUESTION 1 (POLL)
We can feed more people with grain than with meat and would
take up less space on our planet to do all this.
SELECT AN ANSWER
True
False
This can not be measured
SUBMIT

Answers

Answer:

True.

Explanation:

I say true, but we still need both. And it would be really difficult to get an accurate measurement on it.

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Plz give me brainiest If I helped thanks <333 :3

An organism that has adaptations that enable it to hibemate for long periods of time is more likely to by found in which of the following biomes:
forest
desert
grassland
tundra

Answers

Tundra; to get through the long and harsh winters.

The human appendix, a vestigial structure, is part of which structure.

Answers

Answer:

Appendix, in anatomy, a vestigial hollow tube that is closed at one end and is attached at the other end to the cecum, a pouchlike beginning of the large intestine into which the small intestine empties its contents. It is not clear whether the appendix serves any useful purpose in humans.

The answer is anatomy.

Help ASAP , easy 15 points and a brainly for the first one to reply , just answer the 2 questions

Answers

The first one is the 3rd option and the 2nd one is also the 3rd option

PLzzz helpp Directions: Analyze the image and answer the question that follows.


1. Which line, red or black, represents a reaction taking place with an
enzyme? How do you know?

Answers

Answer:

red

Explanation:

Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur.

The correct line is red how I know is cause I’m smart and looked at the other comments

why is system thinking important

Answers

Answer:

Systems thinking is a powerful approach for understanding the nature of why situations are the way they are, and how to go about improving results. Historical perspective is important in understanding the evolution of a situation and in identifying patterns of behaviors over time.

Explanation:

List three types of blood cells and indicate what they do to help your body maintain homeostasis

Answers

Answer:

Both cells present in the blood come from the marrow of the bone. They start their lives as stem cells and develop into three main cell types: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

RBCs- The red blood cells supply the cells with oxygen and extract carbon dioxide. ... In controlling the processes of the body and preserving homeostasis, blood plays an important role. It carries out many functions within the body, including: supplying tissues with oxygen (bound to hemoglobin carried in red cells)

WBCs-Ce with white blood

Explanation:

How is mutation different from adaptation?

Answers

Answer:

It can be a genetic mutation or it can be a change in a strategy. ... In this definition a mutation is any evident change (regardless of its effect on success), and adaptation is a change that made the group thrive in a given circumstance or environment.

Explanation:

Answer:

mutation can be a change in strategy and adaption is a change that made the group thrive in a given circumstance or environment.

What are the causes of inherited genetic variation

Answers

Answer:

Genetic variation can be caused by mutation which can create entirely new alleles in a population, random mating, random fertilization, and recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis which reshuffles alleles within an organism's offspring.

Explanation:

hope this helps!!

Answer:

Genetic variation can be caused by mutation (which can create entirely new alleles in a population), random mating, random fertilization, and recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (which reshuffles alleles within an organism's offspring).

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