What is cancer? Is cancer only one disease?
How does cancer affect the cell cycle and the growth of cells? How is this process similar to or different from how an infectious disease affects cells?
How do genes play a role in cancer progression?
Are there any environmental or pathogenic factors that can cause cancer?
How does cancer progress in the body? Why is cancer difficult to treat in the later stages?
What do the terms stage and grade mean in the context of cancer?
What current treatments exist for cancer?
What treatments are on the horizon?
What are the challenges of treating or curing cancer?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

- ​Cancer isn't a single disease. The term cancer encompasses more than 200 diseases all characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells.

- Cancer cells also fail to undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis, under conditions when normal cells would (e.g., due to DNA damage). In addition, emerging research shows that cancer cells may undergo metabolic changes that support increased cell growth and division 5start superscript, 5, end superscript.

Genetic Changes and Cancer

Genes carry the instructions to make proteins, which do much of the work in our cells. Certain gene changes can cause cells to evade normal growth controls and become cancer. For example, some cancer-causing gene changes increase production of a protein that makes cells grow.

- People who have certain jobs such as; painting, construction, pesticide and petroleum workers have an increased risk of cancer. Many studies have shown that exposure to asbestos, benzene, benzidine, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, radon and vinyl chloride in the workplace can cause cancer.

- Metastatic cancer causes most cancer deaths, but exactly why it is so difficult to treat is not precisely understood. Metastatic tumors often acquire additional genetic changes from those in the primary tumors that spawned them, and these genetic characteristics may cause them to resist standard treatments.

- Treating cancer is further complicated due to the lifestyle and attitude of patients, the different physiology of people and the rate their bodies will metabolise drugs, the blood supply to the tumour affecting the drug getting into the tumour, the tumour physiology and the fact that the tumour can continue to change.

- The stage of a cancer describes the size of a tumour and how far it has spread from where it originated. The grade describes the appearance of the cancerous cells.

- Cancer treatment options include:

Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as possible.

   Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.

   Radiation therapy. ...

   Bone marrow transplant. ...

   Immunotherapy. ...

   Hormone therapy. ...

   Targeted drug therapy. ...

   Cryoablation.

- Cancer treatments on the horizon

Current treatments. There are many treatments currently available to treat different types of cancers. ...

   Biological therapy. ...

   Haematopoietic growth factors. ...

   Stem cell and bone marrow transplants. ...

   Individual hormonal drugs. ...

   Monoclonal antibodies. ...

   Surgery. ...

   Clinical trials.

- Treating cancer is further complicated due to the lifestyle and attitude of patients, the different physiology of people and the rate their bodies will metabolise drugs, the blood supply to the tumour affecting the drug getting into the tumour, the tumour physiology and the fact that the tumour can continue to change.

Explanation:

MY INTRODUCTION ARE ANSWERS TO ALL YOUR QUESTIONS (your question is too long)


Related Questions

Help me this is 20% of my finals grade I know it’s a lot but I’m desperate!!!!

Answers

Onion root cell 3 is the closest to the completion of the cell cycle. Mitosis is

the type of cell division which involves the production of two identical

daughter cells.

Telophase is regarded as the final stage of mitosis before cytokinesis takes

place. In this phase, the chromosomes decondense and the spindle breaks

down.

There is also formation of two new nuclei of the daughter cells which are

separated by the newly formed nuclear membrane which is evident in the

onion root cell 3 thus making it the most appropriate choice.

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Animals make the ______________ that plants need, and plants make the ______________ that animals need.

Answers

Carbon dioxide, oxygen. This is the connection between cell respiration and photosynthesis

how the development of the microscope played an important part in helping to convince people that mendel was right​

Answers

The microscope can be used to demonstrate the segregation of chromosomes during cell division. The law of segregation of characters is a Mendel's Law.

Each allele or gene variant is located at a specific chromosome location known as a gene locus.

The Law of Segregation indicates how one offspring receives one allele from each parent for each locus in a diploid organism.

The development of microscopy confirmed the idea that offspring receives one allele (which is located at a specific chromosome) from each parent for each gene locus.

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Food enters the human body through the _____ and leaves through the _____.

Answers

Answer: food enters the human body through the mouth and leaves the digestive system.
enters through the mouth and leaves through the digest system

100POINTS & BRAINLIEST IF YOU ANSWER CORRECTLY!!

Answers

Allegators are at top(5 stairs up)

Photoplanktons are 5 stairs down

So they produce 500,000,000lbs

Copepods receive

500000000/1050000000lbs

Small fishes recieve

50000000/105000000lbs

large fishes recieve

5000000/10500000lbs

Allegators recieve

500000/1050000lbs

Option B

Factors affecting transpiration with celery experiment results

Answers

Explanation:

factor affecting transpiration are

air movement increase remove water vapour from leaf surface more water the fuel from the leaf.

light intensity increaseincrease the rate of photosynthesis stomata open show that water diffuse out of the leaf

СН,ОН

нс
Н
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он
он
Н
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ИТ
Н.
НОН
Functional groups

Answers

Answer: I don't have a definitive answer for this question but I do have a helpful explanation.

Explanation: Try to find out what each letter means and organize the elements by how they connect to each other. If you don't know you can research to find a diagram that can help show you how to connect these functional elements. You could try searching how do you find the elements of HOH in a diagram.

the protein that carries oxygen in our blood is known as

Answers

The protein that carries oxygen in our blood is known as hemoglobin.

Iron is a component of hemoglobin, which enables it to absorb oxygen from the air we breathe and transport it throughout the body.

What is Hemoglobin?

The iron-containing oxygen-transporting metalloprotein known as hemoglobin, often known by the abbreviations Hb or Hgb, is found in the red blood cells of almost all vertebrates as well as some invertebrate organs. The oxygen from the respiratory organs is transported to the rest of the body by hemoglobin in the blood.

The normal ranges for haemoglobin are different for males and females, and they also vary depending on the ethnicity of the population. Additionally, age is a factor, particularly for women.

When you have anemia, your body doesn't produce enough healthy red blood cells to supply your tissues with enough oxygen. Anemia, commonly known as low hemoglobin, can make you feel exhausted and frail.

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Mrs. Franklin's science class is conducting an experiment with corn plants. The students planted 100 corn kernels. Green plants sprouted from 78 of the kernels. The other 22 kernels grew into white plants, which contained no chlorophyll. What inference can be made about the genotype of the corn? A White color is dominant over green. B Green color and white color are equally recessive. C White color and green color are equally dominant. D Green color is dominant over white.

Answers

Answer:

D- Green color is dominant over white

Explanation:

For a heterozygous cross, the dominant one will show around 75% of the time where the recessive will show around 25% and 78 and 22 and very close to those numbers!

Hope this helps!

Identify the tree main parts of the model, and the four spheres that are used to organise concepts in two of these parts?

Answers

Answer:

Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere

Explanation:

The name of each of these sphere come from the Greek word that describe what they are made of ,Geo, for ground, hydro for water,bio

Which model below shows the positions of the Sun, Moon, and Earth that have the greatest effect on ocean tides?

Answers

Answer:

Below!

Explanation:

Referring to the picture, we can conclude that the picture J will have the most effect on ocean tides.

Whichever model is similar to model J in the picture will be your answer.

Hoped this helped.

[tex]BrainiacUser1357[/tex]

The model that shows the positions of the Sun, Moon, and Earth that have the greatest effect on ocean tides is the spring tide model.

What happen during the spring season?

During spring tides, the Sun, Moon, and Earth are in alignment, which causes the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon to reinforce each other, leading to higher high tides and lower low tides.

Spring tides occur twice a month, during the new moon phase and the full moon phase.

In contrast, neap tides occur when the Sun, Moon, and Earth form a right angle, which causes the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon to counteract each other.

This leads to lower high tides and higher low tides. Neap tides also occur twice a month, during the first and third quarter moon phases.

It's important to note that the positions of the Sun, Moon, and Earth aren't the only factors that affect ocean tides. Other factors, such as the shape of the coastline and the depth of the ocean floor, can also influence the height and timing of tides in a particular area.

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PLEASE HELP :(

ANSWER ALL 14 QUESTIONS WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST!

Chemical Energy and Food

1. Cellular respiration begins with a pathway called_______.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? Glycolysis releases less energy than aerobic respiration.

Overview of Cellular Respiration

3. Explain cellular respiration in your own words.

4. What is the equation for cellular respiration, using chemical formulas?
Fermentation

5. What is fermentation?

6. Because fermentation does not require oxygen, it is said to be____________.

7. What are the two main types of fermentation?
a.
b.

8. Explain the process of alcoholic fermentation.

9. During rapid exercise, how do your muscle cells produce ATP?

Energy and Exercise

10. When a runner needs quick energy for a short race, what source can supply enough ATP for about 90 seconds?

11. Why does a sprinter have an oxygen debt to repay after the race is over?
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

12. If photosynthesis is the process that deposits energy in a savings account, then
what is cellular respiration?

13. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration opposite in terms of carbon
dioxide?

14. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration opposite in terms of oxygen?
produces less energy than aerobic respiration.

Answers

Answer:

1. Glycolysis

2.false (not sure)

3. Cellular respiration is the process through which cells convert sugars into energy.

4 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (Glucose + Oxygen yields Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy)

5. Fermentation is a chemical process by which carbohydrates, such as starch and glucose, are broken down anaerobically.

6 anaerobic

7 alcoholic and lactic acid.

8 Alcoholic fermentation is a biotechnological process accomplished by yeast, some kinds of bacteria, or a few other microorganisms to convert sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. ... Alcoholic fermentation begins with the breakdown of sugars by yeasts to form pyruvate molecules, which is also known as glycolysis.

9 In this reaction, a phosphate group (in red) is transferred from phosphocreatine to ADP to form ATP very rapidly, allowing muscle contraction to continue for about 10 seconds. When phosphocreatine is depleted, the muscles must turn to metabolism of fuel molecules to produce more ATP to power physical activity.

10 At this point, the runners' muscle cells are producing most of their ATP by lactic acid fermentation, which can usually supply enough ATP to last about 90 seconds.

12 After that, the body begins to break down other stored molecules, including fats, for energy. If photosynthesis is the process that "deposits" energy in a "savings account," then what is cellular respiration? It is the process that "withdraws" energy.

13 Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis are almost opposite processes because photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while cellular respiration puts back carbon dioxide. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and has it's waste product of carbon dioxide (CO2).

Explanation:

sorry sa 11 at 14 dq nasagutan

Check the statements below that provide evidence for the endosymbiosis theory

Answers

The DNA in the nucleus and mitochondria are the same.

This is not exactly true, although they are similar. This is not a correct option.

The following three are correct options:

Mitochondria and chloroplasts grow independently from the cell.

This is true, and supports the idea that they previously existed as their own organisms.

Prokaryotic cells, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are all the same size.

All three organisms/organelles are roughly the same size, which supports the idea that chloroplasts and mitochondria are descendants or prokaryotes.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own ribosomes.This is true as  well.

please help this is for a presentation.. Is the spongy parenchyma cell unicellular or multicellular?​

Answers

it is Multicellular

Construct a Venn diagram that compares and contrasts sexual and asexual reproduction.

Include the following phrases:

haploid (n)
diploid (2n)
gamete
somatic
mitosis
meiosis
cell division
chromosomes separate
genetically identical
genetically different

Answers

The Venn diagram makes a comparison between categories. Intersection: Cell division/Asexual: diploid, somatic, mitosis, genetically identica/Sexual: haploid, gamete, meiosis, chromosomes separate , genetically different.

------------

   

A Venn Diagram is represented as two or more circles with some degree of superposition between them. It is used to make comparisons expressing similitudes and differences between things.

Each circle represents a category -in this example, sexual and asexual reproduction-.

The superposed area is named intersection and shows things in common between the two categories.

We already know that sexual reproduction occurs by the process of meiosis, while asexual reproduction occurs by mitosis.

In superior organisms, there are two types of cells: Somatic cells and germ cells.

The somatic cells are diploid (2n), meaning that each cell has a pair of equal chromosomes. The somatic cells are all the body cells except for the sexual ones, and they reproduce by the process of mitosis.

In somatic cells, one of the sets of chromosomes is inherited from the maternal side, while the other homologous set of chromosomes is inherited from the paternal side. Hence, the number of chromosomes in these double sets of the somatic cells is diploid, 2n.

Mitosis is a process through which, from a diploid somatic cell (2n), two identical daughter diploid cells (2n) are produced.

First, occurs duplication of the cell content, and then the separation into two new cells happens.

Germ cells suffer mitosis and meiosis.  

Through meiosis, germ cells produce gametes, called sperm and egg cells, through the gametogenesis process.  

Gametes are haploid (n) with half the number of chromosomes that might be found in the somatic cells.  

During gamete formation, the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate after crossing over. Then, sister chromatids also separate. The result is the formation of four gametes.  

Each gamete has different information from the combination of homologous chromosomes belonging to the father and to the mother.

Gametes' destiny is to merge in the process of fecundation, during which a new diploid cell called zygote emerges through fertilization.

The zygote is a complete cell that suffers successive mitosis to form the new organism.  

Venn Diagram

Intersection area: Cell divisionAsexual: diploid, somatic, mitosis, genetically identicalSexual: haploid, gamete, meiosis, chromosomes separate , genetically different.

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Drew has invested in Iwad Records. He owns three par value $1,000 bonds from them, which are currently selling for 99. 773. He also owns 600 shares of Iwad Records stock, the current value of which is $5. 28 per share. If, when Drew made his investment, Iwad Records bonds had a market price of 94. 561 and stock in the same company sold for $5. 00 per share, which investment has increased in value more, and by how much? a. The value of Drew’s bonds has increased by $4. 83 more than the value of his stocks. B. The value of Drew’s bonds has increased by $9. 87 more than the value of his stocks. C. The value of Drew’s stocks has increased by $11. 64 more than the value of his bonds. D. The value of Drew’s stocks has increased by $34. 92 more than the value of his bonds.

Answers

The value of Drew's stocks has increased by $11.64 more than the value of his bonds.

Get my Joke right u get brainlyest:

How do cows walk?

Answers

They moove ...............................

what is the highest temperature a human can survive

Answers

Answer:

The highest temperature a human can survive is 108.14 degree Fahrenheit or 42.3 degree Celsius

Explanation:

A higher temperature may denature proteins and cause irreparable damage to brain.

which is the primary advantage to sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

Answers

Answer:

Sexual reproduction is typically advantageous over asexual reproduction because the environment is constantly changing. Sexual reproduction allows new combinations of genes to form. This greater genetic diversity increases the phenotypic variation: that is, it increases the physical variety of the organisms.

Explanation:

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Question 1 :
In one to two sentences, explain why low-pressure systems are associated with bad weather?

Question 2:
In 1–2 sentences, explain what biome comprises most of Antarctica and why the continent is described as being part of this biome.

Answers

Answer:

question 1

Low-pressure areas are places where the atmosphere is relatively thin. Winds blow inward toward these areas. This causes air to rise, producing clouds and condensation. Low-pressure areas tend to be well-organized storms

question 2

Scientists that work in Antarctica mostly refer to the majority of the continent as being cold desert or polar desert. The difference between cold and polar desert is very technical, mainly dealing with mineral salt chemistry.

Explanation:

hope this helps!

Drag each tile to the correct box.

Put the stages of the nitrogen cycle in their correct order.

Answers

Fixation or volatilization, mineralization, nitrification, immobilization, and denitrification.

The sequence is as follow: Fixation, Nitrification, Assimilation, Ammonification and Dentrification.

What is a nitrogen cycle?

The nitrogen cycle is the process by which nitrogen is converted into different chemical forms and moves between the biosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere. The stages of the nitrogen cycle, in order, are:

Nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere is converted into a usable form, such as ammonia or nitrite, by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Nitrification: Ammonia or nitrite is converted into nitrate by nitrifying bacteria.

Assimilation: Nitrate is taken up by plants and converted into organic nitrogen compounds, such as proteins and nucleic acids, through the process of assimilation.

Ammonification: Organic nitrogen compounds are broken down by decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, into ammonia or amino acids.

Denitrification: Ammonia or nitrite is converted back into nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria, completing the cycle.

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Explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population in regards to the Sama-Bajau people and enlarged spleen. How does having an enlarged spleen benefit?

Answers

It is common for Sama-Banjou people to have an enlarged spleen, this is the result of environmental factors as a larger spleen helps them to dive better.

In most people, an enlarged spleen is not common and it is often related to specific conditions and diseases. Due to this, the percentage of people with an enlarged spleen is quite low.

Despite this, it has been found many Sama-Banjou people have an enlarged spleen and this is the result of environmental factors. Indeed, Sama-Banjou people have relied on diving to survive for centuries as they collect seashells from the seafloor.

This condition has led to bigger spleens, these bigger spleens increase the amount of oxygen while diving, and therefore, help them to dive for longer periods.

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human sperm and egg cells that have 23 chromosomes are called

Answers

Answer:

The term haploid can also refer to the number of chromosomes in egg or sperm cells, which are also called gametes. In humans, gametes are haploid cells that contain 23 chromosomes, each of which a one of a chromosome pair that exists in diplod cells.

Explanation:

which hormone causes follicles to release their eggs for fertilization

Answers

Answer:

Luteinizing hormone (LH), the other reproductive pituitary hormone, aids in egg maturation and provides the hormonal trigger to cause ovulation and the release of eggs from the ovary.

Answer:

Luteinizing hormone

Explanation:

Luteinizing hormone (LH), the other reproductive pituitary hormone, aids in egg maturation and provides the hormonal trigger to cause ovulation and the release of eggs from the ovary

Define Digestive System ​

Answers

organs that take in food and liquids and break them down into substances that the body can use for energy and tissue repair
complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients

State reactants and products by either photosynthesis OR cellular
respiration (you do not have to do both!) Be sure to specify the reactants
and the products. For example: The reactants of
and the products are
are

Answers

I kind of wish that your question was a little bit more specific however I do think that if you want to just talk about photosynthesis and that’s how cells get their energy and then the cellular respiration is when they’re expending energy so I hope that helps

The element present in the chlorophyll pigment is

Answers

Answer:

full ques..please.. not understanding

Answer:

magnesium atom

Explanation:

The chlorophyll molecule consists of a central magnesium atom surrounded by a nitrogen-containing structure called a porphyrin ring; attached to the ring is a long carbon–hydrogen side chain, known as a phytol chain.

how does carbon move through the system when in the dark?

Answers

If referring to photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is brought into the cholorplast of the plant cell, it is then fixed to RUBP, it will go through a series of Redox reactions and become G3P. RUBP is then recycled and is used to fix more carbon dioxide. You need two G3P molecules to become glucose.

the production of alcohol by yeast cells is the result of

Answers

Answer:

Fermentation

Explanation:

Hope this helps!

The production of alcohol by yeast cells is the result of anaerobic respiration. The correct option is D).

What are anaerobic respirations?

All living cells undergo respiration, a chemical activity that releases energy from glucose. Without oxygen, anaerobic respiration occurs and produces less energy but does it more quickly. Fermentation refers to anaerobic respiration in microorganisms.

When you work out vigorously, your muscles engage in anaerobic respiration. Compared to aerobic respiration, less energy is released because glucose is not completely broken down.

During intense activity, lactic acid accumulates in the muscles. Later, the lactic acid must be oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Therefore, the correct option is D) Anaerobic respiration.

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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:

A) Darkness B) Aerobic respiration C) Photosynthesis D) Anaerobic respiration

Ellen held a substance that is comprised of elements that have been chemically joined. The substance now has different properties than the elements that were joined to make it. Ellen is most likely holding a
a. compound
b. water molecule
c. single atom
d. mixture

Answers

Answer:

I'm going to go with a mixture sorry If this is wrong

Explanation:

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Senko naturally did what any 12-year-old boy would do and decided to grab the turtle and go for a ride. That turtle ride, in some ways, has never ended. People find their passions in many different ways. Senko found his passion while riding on the back of a turtle when he was just 12 years old. Today, Senko is a conservation scientist at Arizona State University. He focuses his research and lifes work on marine resource sustainability. Can you guess what that includes? If you guessed sea turtles, you would be correct. In college, Senko majored in fisheries and wildlife science, and he also received a Master of Science degree in wildlife ecology. Much of the focus of his work is on saving endangered sea turtles. Sea turtles help keep the ocean healthy, and thus their well-being affects the entire ecosystem. They provide a natural regulatory system for the environment. 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